Retention of Placenta in Cows and Buffaloes in India* is a significant issue affecting reproductive health and productivity in dairy animals. Below is an overview of its causes, consequences, and management practices:
Retained placenta in cattle refers to the failure of the placenta (afterbirth) to be expelled from the uterus within the expected time after calving, typically within 12–24 hours postpartum. This condition is relatively common in dairy cattle and can lead to complications like infection, reduced fertility, and economic losses for the farmer.
Symptoms of Retained Placenta
Visible membranes
Placenta hanging from the vulva for more than 24 hours postpartum.
Foul smell
Foul-smelling discharge due to decomposition of retained tissues.
Signs of discomfort
Restlessness or discomfort in the cow.
Reduced milk production
Suboptimal lactation performance.
Fever and lethargy (in case of infection)
Elevated body temperature and general weakness.
Swollen vulva or Vulvitis
With or without discharge.
1. Nutritional Deficiencies
Vitamin E & Selenium Deficiency:
- These nutrients play a key role in maintaining uterine health and immune function.
- Low Energy Diets: Prepartum energy imbalances can weaken uterine muscles.
- Calcium Deficiency: Essential for muscle contractions during calving.
2. Infections:
- Infections such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and uterine infections can lead to improper separation of the placenta.
- Poor hygiene during calving increases the risk of infections.
3. Calving Issues:
- Dystocia (Difficult Calving): Prolonged labor can damage uterine tissues, hindering placenta expulsion.
- Premature Calving or Abortion: Can disrupt the natural detachment process of the placenta.
4. Hormonal Imbalances:
- Inadequate release of oxytocin impairs uterine contractions.
- Disturbed prostaglandin levels delay placental expulsion.
5. Management Practices :
- Improper Dry Period Management: Lack of proper care during the dry period affects uterine recovery.
- Stress due to overcrowding, heat stress, or transportation.
Consequences:-
1. Reduced Fertility
- Delayed return to estrus.
- Increased risk of uterine infections (metritis, endometritis).
2. Milk Production Loss
- Metabolic stress due to infections and inflammation leads to a drop in milk yield.
3. Health Complications
- Toxemia: Retained tissues can lead to bacterial growth and toxins entering the bloodstream.
- Prolonged weakness and reduced feed intake.
4. Economic Losses:
- Increased veterinary costs.
- Longer calving intervals reduce herd productivity.
Management Practices
Preventive Measures
1. Balanced Nutrition
- Provide prepartum and postpartum diets rich in energy, protein, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Calcium.
- Focus on mineral supplementation.
2. Hygiene and Housing
- Maintain clean calving pens and ensure proper sanitation.
3. Stress Management
- Avoid excessive handling or stressful conditions, especially near calving.
- Provide adequate rest and space.
4. Vaccination Programs
- Vaccinate animals against reproductive diseases like brucellosis and leptospirosis.
Treatment Strategies
1.Manual Removal(if safe):
